One of the urgent problems of the spatial development of Russia is the issues of the effective functioning of single-industry towns. In this regard, the paper presents the results of the studies of the socio-economic development of single-industry towns in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Based on official statistical data, the authors evaluated the demographic and socio-economic development of single-industry towns of the Republic of Bashkortostan: Belebey, Beloretsk, Blagoveshchensk, Kumertau, Neftekamsk, Uchaly. The study found the trends of demographic development common for all single-industry towns of the Republic of Bashkortostan: single-industry towns lose the most promising part of the working-age population, and in the medium-term horizon, this fact can lead to the shortage of highly experienced labor power and the lack of the necessary personnel reserve for the development of single-industry towns. The study identified that the provision of housing in the single-industry towns is below the average republican level; however, due to the increase in the decline in the birth rate and negative migration growth, the positive dynamics have been formed in terms of housing provision per capita. The authors considered the approaches to ensuring the balanced development of single-industry towns, diversification of their economy, and the labor market, presented in the scientific literature. As promising processes for enhancing the economic life of single-industry towns, the authors considered two areas: the maintenance of human resources and the development of the industrial and logistics potential of territories. The authors proposed measures aimed at preserving the personnel potential of single-industry towns, as well as the formation of special areas on the territory of single-industry towns for the localization and subsequent development of innovative industries of foreign companies under the management of a foreign company .