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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Economy &amp; Innovations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Economy &amp; Innovations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровая экономика и инновации</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2074</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-4204</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">915</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/3034-2074-2026-2-65-1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Intellectual education and R&amp;D investment: assessing factors for achieving technological sovereignty</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интеллектуальное образование и инвестиции в НИОКР: оценка факторов достижения технологического суверенитета</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2169-4190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>Svetlana E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Светлана Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Economics), Associate Professor,assistant professor of Chair of Public Finance of Financial Faculty. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, доцент,доцент кафедры общественных финансов финансового факультета.</p></bio><email>demidovapsk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Цифровая экономика и инновации</issue-title><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Demidova S.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Демидова С.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demidova S.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демидова С.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukieconomika.ru/jour/article/view/915">https://vektornaukieconomika.ru/jour/article/view/915</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Abstract:</italic></bold> <bold>Problem.</bold> Achieving technological sovereignty requires an analysis of the factors that ensure an effective return on R&amp;D investment. <bold>Aim.</bold> To assess quantitatively the contribution of STEM education quality to the transformation of R&amp;D expenditure into patent activity and to identify institutional factors that ensure a positive deviation of actual indicators from predicted ones (using China as a case study). <bold>Methods.</bold> The study combines qualitative analysis of China’s institutional model (including the “Made in China 2025” strategy, the Belt and Road Initiative, the “Double First-Class” program) with quantitative econometric modeling. The empirical basis comprises data from 77 countries for the period 2019–2023. Using regression analysis (OLS), the elasticity of patent activity (number of resident patent applications per capita) with respect to R&amp;D expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) was estimated. <bold>Results.</bold> A direct relationship was identified between the quality of STEM education (PISA math 2018) and the efficiency of transforming R&amp;D into patents: a 10-point increase in the PISA score is associated with a 6.4 % increase in patent activity, holding R&amp;D expenditure constant. China is highlighted as an in-depth case study that verifies the model’s conclusions. A positive and statistically significant elasticity was established: a 1 % increase in R&amp;D expenditure is accompanied by an average 1.21 % increase in patent activity, confirming a high return on investment in the scientific sphere. Based on country clustering, three groups were identified: high-efficiency countries (actual indicator close to predicted), medium-efficiency countries (actual indicator below predicted), and limited-efficiency countries (significant lag behind predicted). China, along with South Korea and Switzerland, is assigned to the first group. <bold>Conclusions.</bold> The key factors of the Chinese model are: large-scale training of STEM specialists (up to 10 million annually) with leading positions in PISA; institutional integration of education, science, and business according to the triple helix model; and the use of fiscal incentives based on the innovation funnel principle, combining direct government funding (2.5 % of GDP for R&amp;D) with tax incentives.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Аннотация:</italic></bold> <bold>Проблема.</bold> Достижение технологического суверенитета требует анализа факторов, обеспечивающих эффективную отдачу от инвестиций в НИОКР. <bold>Цель.</bold> Количественно оценить вклад качества STEM-образования в трансформацию расходов на НИОКР в патентную активность и выявить институциональные факторы, обеспечивающие положительное отклонение фактических показателей от прогнозных (на примере Китая). <bold>Методы.</bold> Исследование построено на сочетании качественного анализа институциональной модели Китая (включая стратегии «Сделано в Китае 2025», «Пояс и путь», программу «Двойной первый класс») и количественного эконометрического моделирования. Эмпирическую базу составили данные по 77 странам за 2019–2023 гг. С применением регрессионного анализа (МНК) оценена эластичность патентной активности (число заявок резидентов на душу населения) от объема расходов на НИОКР (в % к ВВП). <bold>Результаты.</bold> Выявлена прямая зависимость между качеством STEM-образования (PISA math 2018) и эффективностью трансформации НИОКР в патенты: увеличение балла PISA на 10 пунктов ассоциируется с ростом патентной активности на 6,4 % при фиксированных расходах на НИОКР. Китай выделен в качестве углубленного кейса, верифицирующего выводы модели. Установлена положительная и статистически значимая эластичность: рост расходов на НИОКР на 1 % сопровождается увеличением патентной активности в среднем на 1,21 %, что подтверждает высокую отдачу инвестиций в научную сферу. На основе кластеризации стран выделены три группы: с высокой эффективностью (фактический показатель приближен к прогнозному), со средней эффективностью (фактический показатель ниже прогнозного) и с ограниченной эффективностью (значительное отставание от прогноза). Китай наряду с Южной Кореей и Швейцарией отнесен к первой группе. <bold>Выводы.</bold> Ключевыми факторами китайской модели выступают: массовая подготовка STEM-специалистов (до 10 млн ежегодно) при лидерских позициях в PISA; институциональная интеграция образования, науки и бизнеса по модели «тройной спирали»; использование фискального стимулирования по принципу «инновационной воронки», сочетающего прямое государственное финансирование (2,5 % ВВП на НИОКР) с налоговыми стимулами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fiscal incentives</kwd><kwd>STEM education</kwd><kwd>R&amp;D</kwd><kwd>triple helix model</kwd><kwd>China’s experience</kwd><kwd>technological sovereignty</kwd><kwd>elasticity of patent activity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фискальное стимулирование</kwd><kwd>STEM-образование</kwd><kwd>НИОКР</kwd><kwd>модель «тройной спирали»</kwd><kwd>опыт Китая</kwd><kwd>технологический суверенитет</kwd><kwd>эластичность патентной активности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The paper was prepared based on the results of research carried out using budgetary funds under the state assignment of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств по государственному заданию Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edler J., Blind K., Kroll H., Schubert T. 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