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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Economy &amp; Innovations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Economy &amp; Innovations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровая экономика и инновации</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-2074</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-4204</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Togliatti State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">917</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18323/3034-2074-2026-2-65-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dual effects of digital agents: a three-tier metric system for assessing the impact on company competitiveness</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Двойственные эффекты цифровых агентов: трёхъярусная система метрик для оценки воздействия на конкурентоспособность компаний</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5714-4192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chebotarev</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чеботарев</surname><given-names>Антон Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student of Chair of Mathematical Modeling and Information Technologies, Junior Product Manager of Artificial Intelligence Platform Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры математического моделирования и информационных технологий, младший менеджер по продукту группы платформы искусственного интеллекта.</p></bio><email>1042250481@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow Exchange PJSC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы (РУДН)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff2"><institution>Адрес 2: ПАО «Московская Биржа»,</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Цифровая экономика и инновации</issue-title><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Chebotarev A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Чеботарев А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chebotarev A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чеботарев А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vektornaukieconomika.ru/jour/article/view/917">https://vektornaukieconomika.ru/jour/article/view/917</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Abstract:</italic></bold> <bold>Problem.</bold> The proliferation of digital agents in business processes of companies produces multidirectional effects on their competitiveness, ranging from productivity growth to the loss of employee skills. A measurement apparatus that covers both aspects simultaneously and explains their origins does not yet exist, and this gap becomes critical as implementations scale up. <bold>Aim.</bold> To develop a categorical framework and a three-tier metric system that allows measuring the dual effects of digital agents, based on the causal mechanism of their generation and on the distinction of who makes the decision – a human or a digital agent. <bold>Methods.</bold> The work is carried out in a theoretical-methodological genre; its foundation consists of the four-step transfer of established frameworks in the economics of innovation from humans to digital agents while preserving the core of each original approach. The conceptual basis is formed by agency theory and the triad of artificial intelligence properties (autonomy, learnability, and opacity), with the unifying distinction being who makes decisions in the business process (a human or a digital agent). <bold>Results.</bold> A causal scheme is constructed in which the positive and negative sides of each effect arise within the same link of the mechanism. Eight channels of influence of digital agents on company competitiveness are identified, ranging from productivity to the composition of innovation authors. Three tiers of metrics are proposed, which differ in the degree to which the outcome depends on the decision-making subject. Each channel is assigned a primary measurement tier, and when an agent transitions to independent action, some channels move to higher tiers. <bold>Conclusions.</bold> The duality of the effects of digital agents is demonstrated as a structural property of a single mechanism, rather than a balance of independent factors. A three-tier classification of metrics is proposed based on sensitivity to who makes the decision – a human or a digital agent – and eight channels of influence are linked to these tiers. The resulting framework creates a foundation for the quantitative assessment of the impact of digital agents on company competitiveness, taking into account the observed heterogeneity of their implementation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Аннотация:</italic></bold><bold> Проблема.</bold> Распространение цифровых агентов в бизнес-процессах компаний даёт разнонаправленные эффекты для их конкурентоспособности, от роста производительности до потери квалификации работников. Измерительного аппарата, который охватывал бы обе стороны одновременно и объяснял их происхождение, пока нет, и этот пробел становится критичным по мере масштабирования внедрений. <bold>Цель.</bold> Разработать категориальную рамку и трёхъярусную систему метрик, которая позволяет измерять двойственные эффекты цифровых агентов, опираясь на причинно-следственный механизм их порождения и на различение того, кто принимает решение, – человек или цифровой агент. <bold>Методы.</bold> Работа выполнена в теоретико-методологическом жанре, её основу составляет перенос сложившихся в экономике инноваций рамок с человека на цифрового агента в четыре шага при сохранении ядра каждого исходного подхода. Концептуальную базу образуют теория агентских отношений и триада свойств искусственного интеллекта (автономность, обучаемость, непрозрачность), а единым различением выступает то, кто принимает решения в бизнес-процессе (человек или цифровой агент). <bold>Результаты.</bold> Построена причинно-следственная схема, в которой положительная и отрицательная стороны каждого эффекта возникают в одном звене механизма. Выделены восемь каналов влияния цифровых агентов на конкурентоспособность компаний, от производительности до состава авторов инноваций. Предложены три яруса метрик, различающиеся по степени зависимости результата от субъекта решений. За каждым каналом закреплён основной ярус измерения, а при переходе агента к самостоятельному действию часть каналов перемещается выше. <bold>Выводы.</bold> Двойственность эффектов цифровых агентов показана как структурное свойство единого механизма, а не баланс независимых факторов. Предложена трёхъярусная классификация метрик по чувствительности к тому, кто принимает решение – человек или цифровой агент, и восемь каналов воздействия привязаны к этим ярусам. Полученная рамка создаёт основу для количественной оценки влияния цифровых агентов на конкурентоспособность компаний с учётом наблюдаемой неоднородности их внедрения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital agent</kwd><kwd>competitiveness of an economic entity</kwd><kwd>dual nature of effects</kwd><kwd>three-tier differentiation of metrics</kwd><kwd>causal mechanisms</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>economics of innovation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровой агент</kwd><kwd>конкурентоспособность хозяйствующего субъекта</kwd><kwd>двойственная природа эффектов</kwd><kwd>трёхъярусное разграничение метрик</kwd><kwd>каузальные механизмы</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>экономика инноваций</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Funding. The study was conducted without external funding. Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest. Use of artificial intelligence tools. The substantive concept, theoretical constructions, analytical reasoning, and conclusions of this study were developed by the author independently. Artificial intelligence tools (large language models) were used only for editing and stylistic proofreading of the manuscript. The author bears full responsibility for the content of the material and the accuracy of the presented results.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Финансирование. Исследование выполнено без внешнего финансирования. Конфликт интересов. Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов. Использование инструментов искусственного интеллекта. Содержательная концепция, теоретические построения, аналитические рассуждения и выводы настоящего исследования разработаны автором самостоятельно. Инструменты искусственного интеллекта (большие языковые модели) использовались исключительно для редактирования и стилистической вычитки рукописи. 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