THE CONCEPT OF FORMING OF TERRITORIAL INDUSTRIAL AND INNOVATIVE CLUSTERS

A cluster, a relatively new phenomenon in economics, is considered as one of the best forms of organization of production in the context of Russia. The paper deals with the cluster definition and structure within M. Porter’s cluster model.

The goal of the research is the identification of the determinants of territorial industrial and innovative clusters organization on the base of the analysis of the global experience of creation and development of industrial and innovative clusters. The cluster’s structure is formed by the creation of vertical links between the resource providers, producers, and consumers, as well as horizontal links between the main products manufacturers and the companies producing related goods and services. The institutions providing various services in the field of primary and secondary business processes are considered to be one of the defining elements of a cluster.

The authors differentiate between the concepts of a “cluster”, an “industrial park”, and a “technology park”. Industrial parks and technology parks are considered as the environment for creating a cluster. Two types of clusters are distinguished: the traditional industrial clusters and the industrial and innovative clusters. The authors define the differences between the industrial clusters and industrial and innovative clusters as well.

The authors analyze the foreign countries’ experience in creation and development of innovative clusters and consider special aspects of formation and functioning of such clusters as the Research Triangle Park (the USA), the industrial and innovative cluster on the base of “Berlin – Adlershof” technology park (Germany), the cluster of information and communication technologies in Bangalore (India), the innovative cluster on the base of “Zhongguancun” technology park (China), “Cosmetic Valley” (France), and Singapore Science park (Singapore).

The overview of international experience of creation and functioning of clusters made it possible to identify the following determinants: the state participates at the stage of cluster’s creation and growth; a cluster formation takes place on the basis of technology parks established by the state; horizontal and vertical links between companies play the key role; the determining factor of a cluster’s location is the availability of innovative core; the level of demand in the researched examples varies in the level of localization.