No 1 (2021)

The growing importance of intellectual property as an economic asset raises the issue of the content of intellectual property in the scientific discussions and the identification of scientific prerequisites for the formation and development of the intellectual property theory. The paper aims at the improvement of the conceptual and theoretical views on the economic category of intellectual property through establishing the dialectical interrelation with the concept of property. The authors propose considering intellectual property as a materially expressed result of the mental (intellectual) activity of a person, which invests its creator (author) or legal entities with the exclusive right for it, and it is confirmed by the relevant officially issued protection documents (patents or certificates) or statutory prescribed copyright norms. The research revealed the dichotomous nature of intellectual property. The study of property and intellectual property categories allowed establishing their dialectical opposition in terms of materiality and possibility of copying a legal object, the urgency and territorial limitation of property rights, and, most important, the dynamics of value in the process of consumption. However, the property and intellectual property categories also have a dialectical unity, which is not noted in the scientific literature. It is expressed in the mechanism of origin of property rights (in both cases, they are related to the problem of limited resources resulting in the necessity to choose the variant of an asset use), and in the mechanism of application of these rights, associated with the presence of both the right and the restrictions of this right, as well as liabilities of a copyright holder.

Technical complexity, service safety requirements, and uncertainty of building and functioning conditions cause the objective necessity to improve organizational and technological diagrams of designing transport infrastructure facilities. The developed schemes and methods of organization of projecting unique transport facilities should meet the required quality of projects at the limited value of initial data and the possibility to adjust the design solutions in the process of design tasks implementation. The paper deals with the development of a methodological approach to substantiating the organizational and technological diagrams for the design of unique transport structures using simulation models. This approach provides the possibility of modeling the work of design organizations, taking into account the dynamics of the input of initial information and its uncertainty, iteration and persistence of the processes of developing innovative design and technology solutions, time parameters of creation, and quality of project design depending on the designer skills, engineering risks, and other stochastic factors. The authors carried out the theoretical research of simulation model and design organizations functionality creation using the theory of deterministic and stochastic graphs with returns. During the study, the dependences of quality and design solution development time on the designer skills and initial information uncertainty are obtained. The authors propose the technique for transforming the information-logical schemas of design organizations work into stochastic models, the procedures of events generation and solution adjustment imitation, and the project groups’ formation. The study identified that it is possible to improve the reliability and safety of the unique transport facilities through the development of organizational and technological design diagrams, which consider the uncertainty, initial data dynamic nature, and designer skills.

The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic seriously affects the world economy: it became a challenge for the world economy and the institutes of global economic regulation. This paper considers possible social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic for the world economy, analyzes the incidence of this infection in the countries of the world, and examines the COVID-19 impact on employment and personal incomes, on the loss in the global GDP. The study identified that the COVID-19 would most seriously influence the loss of revenues of the population and the growth in the number of poor people, the increase in unemployment in some industries, such as in the service industry. At the same time, the development of online technology and artificial intellect became promising areas. The author proposes the ways to reduce social and economic consequences of coronavirus pandemic on the global economy, which are based on the provision of national medical services with the sufficient amount of public funds; the adoption or strengthening of targeted measures to support individuals (for example, self-employed), companies, and local communities; the provision of macroeconomic insurance as the targeted measures will not cover many of the secondary consequences of social and economic shock. The paper concludes that COVID-19 can influence the global economy in three ways: directly affecting production, creating a supply chain, and violating market relations, as well as financially affecting firms and financial markets. However, much depends on the reaction of the public to this disease.

The stable financial and economic state of agriculture largely determines the success of the implementation of the export-oriented strategy for the development of the agro-industrial complex of Russia chosen by the state. The authors analyzed and studied the main factors affecting the financial and economic condition of key agriculture sectors of the Russian Federation. The study identified the problems hindering the significant ramp-up of the crop and animal products output, the main of which are: the insufficient technical potential of agriculture, low level of investment activity, the imperfect mechanism for allocating preferential investment and short-term loans to agricultural producers, the disparity in prices for agricultural products and manufactured goods, the insufficient state support for the industry, the shortage of personnel potential in agriculture, etc. Despite the existing problems, the authors highlight the tendency of the growth in crop and animal products output and strengthening of the financial state of agricultural enterprises resulting from the implementation of the state policy of import substitution and the introduction of food embargo on basic foods. At the same time, the volatility of prices for crop and animal products negatively affects the financial results of agricultural producers, leads to the deficiency of own funds for technical reequipment of production, the introduction of technological innovations, the faster increase in production volumes and serves as an obstacle when implementing the targeted guidelines of the state concept of export-oriented development of the industry. The study noted the growth of debt under credits and loans and overdue accounts payable per one agriculture organization resulted from the pre-bankruptcy of several large-scale agricultural holdings. To strengthen the financial and economic state of agriculture, the authors recommended improving the mechanisms of state stimulation to attract financial resources of private investors, increasing the volume of state support for agricultural producers, providing preferential investment and short-term loans to agriculture, and expanding state support programs for small and medium-sized forms of agriculture in the countryside.