No 3 (2021)

The efficiency as an economical category reflects the attained result through the resources expended for its achievement. The analysis of the “efficiency” category requires the distinguishing of the categories of effectiveness, efficacy, and efficiency of the resources used. Budgetary expenditure efficiency depends on the efficiency of activity of the budgeting participants on the operational and functional levels. Management of operational efficiency of public funds utilization is a tactical tool, the improvement of which is determined by the digital technologies and novations in government control – risk-oriented and project-based approaches. The paper contains theoretical research of the categories of efficiency and operational efficiency of utilizing budgetary funds. The study presents the author’s approach to operational efficiency, including identifying aspects of budget expenditure sanctioning, liquidity management, and control. The loss of operational efficiency when using budgetary funds may occur due to the risks both of the external environment and internal management system; first of all, they are related to the activity of treasury and financial bodies. The author specifies operational efficiency criteria and the attributes for their classification. These criteria are operations security (the protection from illegal acts) and control (in this case, the preliminary control expansion is in priority). The author proposes an algorithm for evaluating operational efficiency based on test analysis and search for the errors, weak points, and non-adjustments of control procedures. The algorithm is based on the accumulated considerable volume of data forming the interrelations of the procedures, stages, and actions of the participants and non-participants of the budgeting process. Operational efficiency improvement is possible through additional funds when allocating remaining budgetary funds temporarily out of use in the financial market; through cost-saving; through the growth of work performance when using digital technologies.

The emerging clear tendency of the reduction in the number of employees of state authorities and the system of local self-government indicates the decrease in the attractiveness of this area of activity for young personnel. It is advisable to start the analysis of the local government system development by studying its structure at the municipalities’ level of the region. The author uses the cluster analysis methods, which are the main components implementing the inductive and deductive research algorithms, adaptive forecasting methods based on exponential smoothing, autoregression, and integrated running aggregate techniques. The paper presents the classification of the Mari El municipalities according to the indicators of the local self-government system development, specifies the least and the most numerous clusters, and gives their characteristics. The author formed aggregate indicators influencing the average monthly salary of civil servants and municipal employees of local government structures. Classification of municipalities in the region shows that most districts are represented by the average wage of employees of the governing authorities. Considering the fact that the Mari El Republic is characterized by low wage levels compared to other subjects of the Volga Federal District, the study allows concluding that the level of remuneration of employees of the local government system is a key factor determining the attractiveness of this sphere in the labor market of municipalities of the region. Formed aggregated indicators at the level of the Republic, as a whole, show the maximum impact of urban indicators on the overall development of local governing structures.

Abstract: The authors specify the concept of economic security of the region and determine its essence. The paper considers and groups key indicators characterizing the risk of reducing the economic security level in the region. The classification includes four groups of such indices: financial (aggregate indicators), resource or manufacturing (characterize the economic state of the territory and possibility of its development based on the revealed potential), social, and ecological. When analyzing risks of reducing the level of regional economic security, the authors group, combine, and evaluate the indices holistically and over time. The mechanism of managing the risk of reducing economic security is built considering these groups of indicators. It should be preventive, promptly warn and eliminate threats of the emergence of crises in a particular region. Based on this requirement, the authors proposed the mechanism of managing the risk of reducingthe economic security of regions, which consists of several levels. The first level consolidates the Head of the RF constituent entity, the Council for economic and public security of the RF constituent entity, and legislative authorities of the RF constituent entity. The next level consists of commercial organizations, social-political and religious institutions. The third level is the population of the RF constituent entity. However, to achieve stable economic development of the region, the interaction of all levels is necessary, which should be organized by the Interdepartmental commission for economic security matters of the region. Monitoring the existing external and internal threats and considering the economic interests of a region, the commission should develop measures aimed at the prevention of detected threats.

The urgency of the paper is caused by the fact that 90% of world trade, according to UNCTAD, is under restrictions resulted from the closure of borders between countries in the context of the pandemic. The study deals with the formation of global value chains (GVCs) mainly within one region: product transportation leverage reduces as formerly the GVCs represented vertical cooperation initiated by international transnational companies (TNC). The authors researched the transformation of the GVCs creation process and identified that more active application of advantages of horizontal cooperation between economic entities of various territorially close countries would result in the reformatting of the geography of the GVCs formation. At the same time, the impact of the pandemic on economic globalization as a whole determines the strengthening of interstate coordinated regulation, including on a regional scale. At the same time, the impact of the pandemic on economic globalization as a whole determines the strengthening of interstate coordinated regulation, including on a regional scale. Under the current conditions, a sufficiently large number of countries ignore the WTO rules, which is accompanied by the protectionism and sanctions policy, which is practically illegal from the point of view of international law. The study identifies that the signing of the Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership by the ASEAN countries is evidence of regionalization of international interaction, indicated the development of a trend in the formation of a regional legal framework for the development of economic cooperation agreed by the participants, relying on the WTO basic legal norms. Economic cooperation includes the problems of regulation of electronic trade, competition policy, intellectual property protection, and other matters formerly not mentioned in agreements. The authors conclude that actual economic regionalization, including the transformation of the GVC formation process towards the increase of the share of their regional component, is an immanent feature of the world economy transformation in the context of real polycentrism towards the use of advantages of horizontal cooperation between the economic entities of different territorially close countries.