No 4 (2015)

The paper considers the issue of interaction of labor market and the market of educational services, which is particularly topical due to the educational system modernization processes caused by the strengthening of the strategic importance of knowledge in the information economy. The deterioration in quality and competitiveness of education in the global market, the low level of resourcing, the lack of highly qualified personnel, and the un-coordinated actions of labor market and educational services market are caused by the initial stage of formation of market relations in educational sector. The issue of concurrence of interaction of labor market and the educational services market is the complex social and economic task that requires system approach consisting in joint consideration of the system components: the offers of the educational services market, the demand in labor market. In the paper, the authors determined and analyzed the key concepts of the matter under the study: education, educational services, educational services market, and labor market. The authors considered the special aspects of the system and the integrated approaches of coordination of mechanisms of labor market and educational services market interaction taking into account the specific character of their development on the example of educational system of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. During the research, the main measures for the integration are formulated: building partnership between the higher education system, the production and the business; the formation of training level of specialists according to the dynamically developing demand in labor market; updating of the educational material resources of the educational institutions according to the modern production technologies. All that allowed establishing special role of state regulation in the issue of optimization of interaction of labor market and the market of educational services. It will allow coordinating the objectives and the content of training specialists taking into account the economy strategic development, forming government order for training personnel taking into account the long-range requirements of economy, and developing long-term forecasts.

The paper considers the issues of the improvement of the Russian insurance market efficiency. The authors study the essence of insurance from the point of view of the purposes of the insurance economic relations participants. The insurance market participants have several objectives: general objective consisting of the insured property interests’ protection from the dangerous accident events, and the local goal that is the profit receiving by the insurer from his business activity in the insurance market. The insurer tariff profit is included in the underwriting rate structure and is payable by the insured upon the insurance payment. The insurer local goal is not required for the insured; moreover, it contradicts his economic interests as it increases the cost of insurance coverage, which the insured buys from the insurer. The insurer, when selling the insurance coverage, generates the risk of losing financial stability and solvency. The inconsistency of the insurance objectives of the insurance relations participants and the insurer dual role as the insurance market actor are the basic factors causing the crisis state of the Russian insurance market.

The paper analyses the possibility of the contradictions resolution on the basis of the conflict-compromise management paradigm. The authors showed the advantages of the conflict-compromise methodology in resolving the contradictions between the insurance market participants, which allows eliminating the administrative dysfunctions within the process of the insured and the insurer risk management by the conclusion of local compromises.

The authors consider the insurance risk model as the logical conjunction of a probability of the insured economic loss risk and the value of this loss from the risk of accidental events.

The paper gives an example of a local compromise for elimination the contradictions between the objectives of the key insurance market participants through the prevention of the insured risks and changing the insurance rate structure.

Basing on the summary of domestic and foreign literature review the authors identified the key economic effects of social capital development in economic systems. It is shown that the social capital in economic sphere facilitates the access of economic operators to information and resources, reduces the transaction costs for negotiations and conclusion of the contracts, creates incentives and conditions for the public goods production, and increases the efficiency of public administration. Moreover, the authors proved that the use of social capital helps to reduce the risk of interaction of economic operators and the “market failures” effects and, therefore, stimulates trade and investments; social capital promotes the creation of additional value in the result of joint use of public goods, including the access to tangible and intangible resources (information, innovative products, technologies), as well as increases the benefit from the investments in financial, physical and human capital.

The paper deals with the views of the classics of philosophical and economic thought (Ch.L. Montesquieu, J. Locke, W. Petty, A. Smith, F. Bastiat, J.-J. Rousseau, Th. Hobbes) on the imposition of punishment for tax offence. The author gives the characteristics of modern principles of tax sanctions setting: the differentiation principle, the principle of proportionality (adequacy), single punishment principle, the individualization principle, the validity and the non-repressiveness principles, which are reflected in the works of contemporary authors – the experts in the spheres of finances and fiscal law.

Basing on the analysis of modern tax sanctions principles, the author suggested to complete their list with the following three principles: the compensation principle reflecting the compensatory nature of penalty collection; the principle of loyalty to a taxpayer stating the possibility of alternative influence on a taxpayer, i.e. making a caution in case the tax offence is insignificant; and the principle of informing – initial and further notification of taxpayers concerning the types of responsibility and penalty in case of tax offence, as well as the informing on the priority areas of monitoring and review activities. The last two principles take into account the social and psychological factors of penalty implementation – the elements of stimulation and threatening intended to amplify the effects of sanctions.

The analysis of ratified tax sanctions allowed the author making a conclusion about the inadequate implementation of the differentiation principle, the principle of proportionality, the individualization principle, and the principle of non-repressiveness, аs well as the supplemented principles of loyalty and informing. This fact presupposes the necessity of correction activity of the legislators in order to establish other types of penalties based on relatively specific and alternative types of sanctions for the improvement of the efficiency of financial and legal system of the taxpayers’ liability.

The academic and practical interest to the issues of risk is caused by the increasing complexity and probabilistic nature of today's business environment. The dynamic changes in technology, the competition for customers and the quality of products, and the increased competition force a manufacturing enterprise to consider the issues of management in a modern way. In these circumstances, the risk becomes an integral element of the enterprises’ activity, and in this connection, the necessity to improve the risk assessment system occurs while managing the production.

The aim of the study is the identification of logistical risks in food production enterprise, the determination of their root causes, the minimization of logistical risks and the improvement of logistical risks management within the enterprise.

The ambivalence to risk in our country became the basis for the existence of opposite points of view about its nature: from the blatant disregard of risk and, as a consequence, its insufficient use in actual economic practice and management, to the admission of the existence of random factors and the necessity of taking them into account, especially when making management decisions.

The issue of risk accounting is crucial for the food industry enterprises as they are intended to perform one of the important tasks – food safety provision. In addition, a number of industry characteristics that must be considered during food production management: the dependence on the development of the raw material base-agricultural industry; the seasonality of production and consumption; and the specific nature of food products distribution.

The paper considers the existing definitions of risk and defines the logistical risk. The author suggests the technique of analyzing and evaluating logistical risk for the food production enterprise.

The paper studies the impact of inflation on the basic parameters of the investment project; identifies factors that should be taken into account in the process of the investment project implementation. The research presents analysis of the main methods of inflation accounting in calculation of the investment project efficiency indicators, reveals the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, and offers recommendations for their application.

The paper gives the assessment of the current state of beet sugar subcomplex of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The study shows that sugar factories will be able to work for 125 days on average using the grown in 2015 raw sugar. It is below the industry average level, which is in the range of 140-160 days. Thus, we can speak about the underloading of existing capacities for sugar beet processing in the republic. Own sand sugar production from sugar beet will not be able to satisfy in full measure the annual demand of the republic in sugar. The predictable shortfall of the product is expected to be within the 36-46 thousand tons. On this basis the author formulated the practical recommendations for the improvement of the sugar beet producers and processors efficiency. The author considered the feasibility of the increase of sugar plants loading and the increase of the sugar beet processing time up to 160 days. It will produce up to 236 thousand tons of sand sugar, which will satisfy in full measure the annual demand of the republic in sugar. Whereas, it results in the necessity to cultivate the extra volume of raw materials, which will require to increase the planting acreage by 13425 ha. To determine the areas of sugar beet planting acreage increase, as well as to optimize the transportation costs the author carried out the zoning. Using the V. Launhardt methodology of location triangle, three zones were defined according to the number of sugar factories. Each zone includes the areas of crops, from which it is reasonable to carry out the raw materials delivery. The performed calculations allowed the determining of the optimal sugar beet crop areas according to the defined areas taking into account the increase of the loading of the existing sugar factories.

A new program of particular cities and entire regions support through the creation of territories of priority development began to work in Russia. In theory, such status will give the municipal entities a serious mechanism for attraction of investors to their territories that will lead to the rapid growth of production, stop the out migration due to the creation of new workplaces and help to diversify the municipality economy releasing it from excessive dependence on a particular factory. The paper analyzes the successfulness of this initiative in today's reality. For this purpose, the author presents the history of reforming of special districts in the Russian Federation, determines the terms and conditions of the new program, which ensure the territories attractiveness for the investing, shows the differences between the TPD and the special economic zones (SEZ), gives some statistical data on the operation and financing of mono-cities in recent years, and analyzes the experts’ opinions regarding the viability, the “pros” and “cons” of the TPD.

The paper considered the conditions for maintenance of food security level, the main tasks of regional food market regulation, the concepts of “food security” and “food sovereignty”, and the existing methods for determination of the level of food security and food sovereignty; the authors systematized the criteria of food sovereignty and developed the methodology for the determination of food sovereignty level taking into account the identified special factors. To test the methods on the basis of official statistical data of the local agency of Federal State Statistics Service in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the authors carried out the assessment of food sovereignty level of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the food (commodity) potatoes for 2004–2014. According to the results, the authors made the adequate conclusions.

With the development of market relations, the demand for the industrial enterprises cost management increases. The enterprise cost valuation is necessary for the selection of appropriate direction of its restructuring. When assessing the enterprise cost, they identify the alternative approaches to the enterprise management and determine which of them will provide the company with the most efficient and, consequently, higher market price, that is the main goal of the owners and the main task of the top managers of the enterprise. Cost valuation allows effective control of the enterprise cost. The paper proposes the system of cost management, which can be used in the process of its cost management by the strategic investors for the assessment of actually achieved level and the prospects of the company development, by the industrial enterprise owners for determination of the rate of top managers remuneration, and by the corporate management experts when conducting investment operations.

The paper considers the basic theoretical conceptions of ensuring the balance of budgets which achievement continues to remain one of actual activities of municipal governing bodies in all territory of the Russian Federation continues to remain one of serious problems of formation and performance of local budgets. Thus in the conditions of delay of the economic growth of the country which is characterized by reduction of the budgetary income, a certain reduction of potential sources of financing of municipal budgets happened need of increase in the budgetary expenses within implementation of municipal programs of a social and economic orientation. It reduces possibilities of local authorities to finance the formed deficiency within implementation of the existing budgetary obligations. The paper considers the main theoretical concepts of ensuring balance of budgets and the special aspects of municipal budgetary process, and analyses the key indicators of budgets of municipalities. The author defines the internal and the external factors influencing the balance of municipal budgets among which the tax system stands apart. It is shown that the optimal taxes distribution between the levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation should guarantee the constitutionally fixed independence of local government, however, as a result of the budgetary and tax reform carried out in Russia, the most significant taxes generally come to federal and regional budgets. The author analyzed the instruments of financing of municipal budget, among which the release of municipal debt obligations is the most prospective. The growth of the budgetary obligations of municipalities leads to the fact that the local authorities use the debt financing instruments more actively. The municipal loans market is estimated as rather risky because it was impossible to create attractive financial instruments, and the unstable situation in national economy in general, as well as the insufficient municipal securities market development serve as the reason for that.